• Several recent reviews have appeared covering different aspe

  2021-08-30

  

  Several recent reviews have appeared covering different aspects of the sPLA2 family of enzymes, including sPLA2-V, and the interested reader is kindly directed to these for specific details [34,[135], [136], [137]]. It is important to remark here, however, that recent studies on sPLA2-V suggest that

• It is known that cigarette

  2021-08-30

  

  It is known that cigarette smoke increases the oxidative burden in the lungs of mice with emphysema, which leads to oxidative stress [[34], [35], [36]]. However, in addition to cigarette smoke, studies have shown that endogenous oxidative stress is associated with proteolytic LY-411575 in several m

• GSK J4 An important role for the

  2021-08-30

  

  An important role for the precursor molecule of the main EBI2 ligand, 25-OHC, in the inhibition of inflammation was recently shown. 25-OHC was demonstrated to inhibit inflammasome induction in mouse macrophages [28]. Inflammasome assemblies are the sites of caspase 1 activation and lead to the gener

• At this stage it is still

  2021-08-30

  

  At this stage it is still difficult to assign specific domains to some of the regions observed in these structures, although some attempts have already been made (Brewerton et al., 2004). Clearly, higher resolution data is needed. In the future, even if an atomic structure of DNA-PKcs is determined,

• Acknowledgments We acknowledge the Danish Council

  2021-08-30

  

  Acknowledgments We acknowledge the Danish Council for Independent Research (Grant no. 11-105250) and the Carlsberg Foundation (Grant no. 2011-01-0567) for funding this work. Introduction DNA is vital as a biological target to design diagnostic agents as well as therapeutic drugs. The recognitio

• During the past decade it became increasingly clear that the

  2021-08-28

  

  During the past decade, it became increasingly clear that the affinity and efficacy of small agonists acting on the orthosteric binding site of a GPCR can be modulated by ligands that bind to a topographically distinct (allosteric) binding site on the same GPCR molecule 33, 39, 40, 41, 42. This allo

• Additionally although the membrane localized ER

  2021-08-28

  

  Additionally, although the membrane-localized ER signaling described in this review has generally been studied in isolation from nuclear signaling, it is becoming clearer and clearer that integration of these mechanisms must be considered (Frick, 2015). Perhaps the distinct estradiol signaling mecha

• Our study shows that deletion of Dpf

  2021-08-28

  

  Our study shows that 5 aminosalicylic acid of Dpf2 in mouse ESCs decreased their self-renewal ability and dramatically impaired their differentiation into mesoderm and endoderm while promoting neural ectoderm differentiation. The differentiation defect to meso-endoderm could be rescued by restoring

• br Introduction Prostaglandin E PGE signals through separate

  2021-08-28

  

  Introduction Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) signals through 4 separate G-protein coupled receptor sub-types (EP1, EP2, EP3 and EP4) to elicit a variety of physiological and pathophysiologic effects. EP2 and EP4 increase cAMP levels in the cell via adenylate cyclase activation, whereas EP3 inhibits cAMP

• br Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis RA is a chronic systemi

  2021-08-28

  

  Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease that can be divided in at least two subsets based on the presence of antibodies to citrullinated proteins (ACPAs) [1]. Importantly, such ACPA target proteins [[2], [3], [4], [5]] also represent candidate autoantige

• br No Evidence for Further ET Receptor

  2021-08-28

  

  No Evidence for Further ET-Receptor Subtypes Further receptor subclassifications have been proposed including suggestions that ETB could be subdivided into ETB1, present on endothelial cells, and ETB2 on smooth muscle cells, but there currently is no evidence that the receptors expressed by these

• Proinflammatory cytokines induce ER stress in many mammalian

  2021-08-28

  

  Proinflammatory cytokines induce ER stress in many mammalian cell systems.32, 33, 34 Our results demonstrate that these cytokines also trigger ER stress in trophoblast JEG-3 cells. However, the severity of stress is likely low grade because only the PERK-EIF2A arm of the UPRER pathway was activated.

• EBI and its ligand s

  2021-08-28

  

  EBI2 and its ligand(s) EBI2 was found in a screen of upregulated genes in human B cells upon infection with EBV [1]. EBI2 is a G-protein (Gαi type) coupled receptor [2] but as long as 18 years after its discovery the nature of its ligand remained undisclosed. With the help of transfected cell lines

• br Acknowledgments br Introduction Ubiquitin ligases limit

  2021-08-28

  

  Acknowledgments Introduction Ubiquitin ligases limit the stability and activity of substrates by targeting them for proteasomal-dependent degradation. Siah is a two-member family of ubiquitin ligases implicated in control of key cellular processes. Among those, Siah ligases control prolyl hydr

• Based on the similar activities of Rad p

  2021-08-28

  

  Based on the similar activities of Rad6p and Cdc34p (i.e., both are E2 ub-conjugating enzymes) on ubiquitinylation of p33 replication protein, we propose that Rad6p and the plant Ubc2p mono- and bi-ubiquitinate the viral replication proteins in order to facilitate the recruitment of the cellular ESC

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